From Grievance to Governance: Deconstructing the Ecosystem of Violent Extremism in Western Pakistan

Abstract

In Western border of Pakistan, notably Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) and Balochistan, violent extremism is an ongoing security threat that is based on historical grievances, socio-economic marginalization, and poor counterterrorism strategies. This paper looks at the structural causes of extremism such as poverty, unemployment and state negligence that militant organizations use in recruiting the unemployed youth. Although the military action such as Zarb-e-Azb has broken the chain of militants, it has not resolved the problem of ideological radicalization or social inequalities. The study identifies the weaknesses of the current interventions in Pakistan, including the National Action Plan (NAP) that has no community involvement, the gender-sensitive interventions, and the de-radicalization programmes. The current study employing a mixed-methods content analysis of academic literature, policy reports, and extremist propaganda suggests that the counter-extremism work has serious gaps, with the growing role of digital radicalization and transnational militant networks. The research paper suggests a more inclusive paradigm of socio-economic development, ideological counter-narratives, and participatory governance. Notable suggestions are the investment in the marginalized areas, rehabilitation program reform, hate speech laws, and cooperation in the regions. Focus on inclusive policies and root causes will help Pakistan change the paradigm of reactive military action to sustainable prevention.

Keywords: Violent Extremism, Western border of Pakistan, Counterterrorism, Socio-Economic Development, De-Radicalization, National Action Plan