COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE CONCEPT OF CHARITY AND ALMSGIVING IN HINDUISM AND ISLAM

Abstract

This research presents a comparative study of the concept of charity and almsgiving in Hinduism and Islam. Both religions emphasize generosity, compassion, and social welfare, yet their theological foundations and practical frameworks differ significantly. In Hinduism, charity (Dāna–Puṇya) is rooted in Vedic literature, the Bhagavad Gita, and Dharmashastras. It is viewed not only as a moral and social duty but also as a spiritual practice essential for maintaining cosmic order (ṛta) and reducing the effects of karma. Dāna is classified into three types: Sāttvika (pure and selfless giving), Rājasika (worldly and interest-driven giving), and Tāmasika (ignorant or harmful giving). The five daily sacrifices (Pañca-Mahāyajña) further highlight obligations toward sages, deities, ancestors, humans, and living beings. Thus, Hinduism integrates charity into ritual, social hierarchy, and the pursuit of moksha (salvation). In Islam, charity (Ṣadaqah) is deeply embedded in the Qur’an and Sunnah. It encompasses both obligatory charity (Zakāt, Ṣadaqat al-Fiṭr, ʿUshr, Kaffārāt) and voluntary charity (Nafl Ṣadaqah, Infaq fī sabīl Allāh). Zakāt, one of the five pillars of Islam, ensures economic justice by mandating wealth distribution to eight specific categories, including the poor, needy, debtors, and travelers. Beyond financial giving, Islam broadens charity to every act of kindness, such as removing harm from the road or showing hospitality. Purity of intention, avoidance of ostentation, and respect for the recipient are central conditions for acceptance. Charity in Islam serves as both a spiritual purification and a means of establishing social justice, ultimately linking generosity to eternal salvation. The comparative analysis reveals that while Hinduism views charity primarily as a means of spiritual elevation, karmic purification, and cosmic balance, Islam presents a more comprehensive and institutionalized framework that integrates worship, social justice, and economic equity. Islam clearly defines the recipients, conditions, and purposes of charity, making it a central mechanism for societal balance. Thus, Islam articulates the concept of charity in a more explicit, systematic, and universally applicable manner compared to Hinduism.

Keywords: Hinduism, Islam, Dāna, Ṣadaqah, Zakāt, Almsgiving, Comparative Study, Social Justice, Spirituality