Digital Sovereignty or Global Integration? Pakistan’s Data Governance in the Age of Transnational Law

Abstract

This research study has attempted to undertake a critical and in-depth examination of Pakistan's evolving data governance framework. The primary focus is the tension between the assertion of digital sovereignty and the requirements of global economic integration. The study challenges the prevailing policy reliance on technical legalism and data localization. It addresses a central paradox. This paradox is the persistence of significant data governance vulnerabilities despite the development of sophisticated proposed legislation like the Personal Data Protection Bill 2023. The analysis is grounded in a systematic assessment of functional legal and institutional failures. The findings reveal a fragmented regulatory environment. This environment is characterized by institutional overlaps and weak enforcement mechanisms. A nascent jurisdictional schism from provincial initiatives worsens the situation. The study concludes that effective governance requires moving beyond imitative legalism. It must instead pursue strategic harmonization with international standards. It must also build resilient domestic institutions. Achieving a balance between sovereign control and global participation is essential for a resilient digital economy.

Keywords: Data Governance, Pakistan, Digital Sovereignty, Transnational Law, Cybersecurity, Data Localization, GDPR